Tempers flared and words were shouted Tuesday over the possibility of reassigning thousands of Southeast Raleigh students to schools closer to where they live.
The most friction came during an exchange between school board member John Tedesco and one of the community members of his student assignment committee, Anne Sherron. She accused him of misrepresenting her words during a debate about whether there's academic benefits of going to a school closer to where you live.
But before we get there, you need some background.
Let's start with community member Ann Rouleau's list of proposed changes. Among them, she said, was reassigning out of Oak Grove Elementary in Cary the nodes coming near WakeMed in Southeast Raleigh. She said these students have a 20-mile drive and go past Bugg Elementary, where she said they could attend now.
Later in the meeting, Tedesco spoke up for why it makes sense to send those students to Bugg instead of Oak Grove.
"It’s pretty clear that if we’re going to be consistent with policy 6200, sending nodes from WakeMed on (U.S) 64, on the eastern side of Raleigh to Apex and to Oak Grove is a far cry from proximity," Tedesco said.
But Sherron said that, citing policy 6200, "achieving academic success should be paramount to anything we do." She argued they have to factor academic achievement into any moves.
“If we’re going to be discussing these moves as it relates to student assignment, we should also be looking at academic achievement," Sherron said. "I want to know for example the kids that are taken from Bugg to Oak Grove, how are they performing? Are they doing fantastic? If that’s the case, should not that be the number one reason?”
“Are you saying that if they went to Bugg that they would be going to a crappy school and wouldn’t do as well there?" Tedesco responded.
"Now John I did not say that," said Sherron, whose voice steadily rose until she was shouting over Tedesco's voice. "You are putting words in my mouth. I did not come anywhere near that. John I did not say that and you know I didn’t. Why don’t you ask me what I’m saying rather than putting words out there thinking that’s what I said?"
"If the children are performing at Oak Grove, is moving them in their best interest, in their number one priority best interest?" Sherron asked. "Do we have documentation that exists that simply being closer to home is the end-all for academic achievement. We do not have that data."
Rouleau challenged Sherron, saying that Wake didn't have the academic data to support moving those students to Oak Grove in the first place. Back under the old board, Rouleau would come to board meetings during the public comment section to challenge the board to come up with the data showing the diversity policy helped low-income students.
Sherron responded that "two wrongs don’t make a right."
Community member Tracey Noble then pointed to the data from an earlier community meeting that she said shows that students in the highest poverty areas who were staying in the zone did better academically than those who were bused out.
Sherron said you need to go deeper in the data. She said that someone has looked into the data and found kids did better when they were assigned to year-round schools.
Sherron said she's hoping staff will come up with more detailed academic data on the performance of low-income students in Wake.
"The bottom line is what’s the best educationally for the children that need us the most," Sherron said. "I don’t think arbitrarily moving children closer to home is the end-all."
Tedesco said that while proximity isn't the end-all that the community believes it's a contributing factor to achievement.
After the meeting ended, Sherron said that "children have to be called out for bad behavior" to explain why she responded to Tedesco's words about Bugg.

Comments
...
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 14:04 — Sideburns"Sherron responded that "two wrong don’t make a right."
Look at the tape, Sideburns
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 14:31 — valsparSherron was responding to Rouleau's comment about having no data to move these children in the first place, (Rouleau recently gave her two minutes on the topic at a board meeting also) to which Sherron responded there is no data to move them back either, hence two wrongs don't make a right. This is the basis of her reasoning to get the academic data on these children's performance. It was not a reference on the busing issue itself, it was the lack of data to support the move. For Tedesco to be a school board member, and call any school crappy, is outrageous.
...
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 14:42 — SideburnsSo...
It was wrong to not have data to assign these children long distances in the first place -- even though that's what Sherron did for years? And now she wants to tell everyone else how wrong it is? She's a hypocrite.
I still think she's just worried about selling houses. She will no longer be considered "the agent other agents come to for answers on WCPSS's student assignment process."
I really wish that Dulaney's
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 15:55 — jenmanI really wish that Dulaney's assignment committee hadn't been 'secret'. That it had been out in the open and available on video like the committee is now. I'd like to know if Sherron ever stood up to Dulaney on moves like the original Oak Grove ones. Did she ever question him on his 'they won't participate anyway' philosophy?
I am so happy that Rouleau is on this assignment committee. She's been involved with these issues for a long time, she's very knowledgable & she cares about all the kids.
I don't understand how you
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 08:35 — virginiadareI don't understand how you can believe she cares about all kids when she is advocating consigning SE Raleigh kids to very high poverty schools which will result in increased risk of failure. How could you help those children who will be in schools which have high needs, overburdened teachers, and little to no parental support in this era of shrinking budgets? The extra funding given by CMS to their high poverty schools which helped improve achievement for those students is going away. Without the funding, do you think those gains can be maintained? If Rouleau is very knowledgeable and cares about those kids, how can she believe what she is proposing will help them?
How much more will the
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 21:45 — red_balloonHow much more will the budgets need to shrink before you wake up to the fact that there isn't enough money to compensate for lack of personal responsibility?
Malone adept at dodging blame
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 12:41 — xmarkspot62from the N&O story:
"If the neighborhood approach results in high-poverty schools in Southeast Raleigh, Malone said, those who are concerned would need to talk to Goldman and the Democrats"
Way to pass the buck, Malone!
No one will be able to
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 11:31 — nriemannNo one will be able to produce statistically meaningful data showing that children bused away from their base school do better or worse than children who stay home. There are too many variables, too few controls, and the samples are too small.
The question is whether the bused students are better served in the current system or a system where their meaningful choices, or their neighborhood schools, are schools at approximately 70% FRL and much higher degrees of racial isolation. On that point, there is good evidence to suggest that they are better off in the current system.
What about a middle
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 15:49 — jenmanWhat about a middle ground? We still don't know how magnets would have been utilized in a new assignment plan. There were many interesting options that could have been explored to make sure that SE Raleigh wasn't racially and socio-economically isolated.
Busing kids 20 miles from home is not acceptable. They never needed to be bused that far from home in the first place and I wonder if Anne Sherron ever fought for those families when she was on Dulaney's assignment committee.
How are you measuring that they are better off in the current system? If you're basing it solely on the idea that if a school is 70% F&R and racially isolated it must not be good, then you're ignoring other important factors.
Well said.
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 15:12 — valsparWell said.
"to bus or not to bus"
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 12:16 — shearertwMy hope is that the question is not simply rather "to bus or not to bus".
In my opinion, the "busing" does not help anyone. The simple "redistribution" of F&R students does not help anyone. In fact, I believe ultimately it hurts everyone because it is simply a distraction from the real issue of education. If you only "bus", you will not improve the quality of education. Likewise, if you only "do not bus", you will also not improve eduction. Getting rid of the "busing distraction/facade", I hope, will bring to light the real educational issues that have been covered up by the busing policy to date. Then, hopefully, we will begin to address those educational issues with the targeted policies and resources necessary to improve education. That is when you will see educational improvements.
To summarize:
Just like busing did not have a cause and effect relationship on improving education, not busing will also not have a direct cause and effect relationship. However, the educational benefits will ultimately come from the removal of a huge distraction, the removal of the "healthy schools" facade, increased parental involvement and satisfaction, and hopefully, real policies directed a improving the quality of education instead of the location.
Ann Sherron's very agressive
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 11:03 — woodstockAnn Sherron's very agressive and angry demeanor is disrespectful and completely unaccpetable. Getting up out of her chair, shouting and pointing fingers in board members' faces is not appropriate at all. There should be some consideration to barring her from future meetings... or at least discussing with her proper decorum for engaging in debate. Ann Sherron is obviously lightweight who thinks the louder she speaks and the more agressive she is the more meaning her words have. She also demonstrated a very narrow understanding of the data she was discussing. I have no idea why Carolyn Morrison is carting her around the county to speak for her at various meetings... it doesn't say much for Morrison's judgement.
Look at the tape, Woodstock
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 15:07 — valsparAt what time did Sherron get out of her chair? And, Tedesco was obviously "pulling a Tedesco", which is spinning another's statement, accusing some far off agenda, then demanding the speaker defend it, all the while interrupting the attempts for the speaker to do so - in itself disrespectful. Kudos to her for standing her ground and shutting him up. Tedesco was trumped at his own game. And, Sherron stated data driven decisions are in the best interests of children - what is short-sighted about that? She is actually agreeing with Ann Rouleau. I am surprised and disappointed Rouleau did not back her up. Both Ann's, and Barbara Walsh, who asked for the data originally, are a step ahead of some board members. Notice Tedesco still is not calling for a more detailed, accurate study. What is he afraid he will find? Looks like Sherron already knows.
We expect this misinterpretation of facts from you, Woodstock. Still under the 60's influence?
...
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 15:17 — SideburnsSherron also said she has node-level data on the performance of ED kids. Haven't we been demanding that sort of data for years?
Firstly, how did she attain this data? And secondly, why hasn't she shared that with the committee (and the public) yet if she's so supportive of data driven decisions?
I think Sideburns is correct
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 17:35 — DrActualFactualI think Sideburns is correct in regard to the data Sherron referenced. If she has some, produce it and cite the sources for who compiled it. Mr. Hui could post it. In light of the fact that most F&R pass on attending the YR schools I would suspect those that might opt to attend may represent the upper-end of the poverty level and would likely outperform their peers at any school anyway. They may be the children of grad students (2 parent family) with more time and money to devote to the child's learning as opposed to single-parent poverty stricken mom working one or more jobs and doing everything herself.
I don't have the data she
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 19:20 — KeungHui (author)I don't have the data she referred to. She said some people, whom she didn't name, had dug deeper into the data to come up with the information.
...
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 21:24 — SideburnsI think she also claimed she has data that shows ED children perform better at YR schools. Again, why would she have such data and not share it with others? I question if it is WCPSS data.
Keung, Could you find out?
From Time
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 13:14 — jeannie84Year-Round Schools Don't Boost Learning, Study Finds
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 19:31 — jeffrey1Year-Round Schools Don't Boost Learning, Study Finds
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070811151449.htm
There's also the study by McMillan conducted right here in NC:
Bradley McMillan, from the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, examined achievement differences between year-round and traditional-calendar students using data for more than 345,000 North Carolina public school students. He found that achievement in year-round schools was no higher than in traditional schools (2001).
From the link: The study
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 20:29 — danofncFrom the link:
The study used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, a national survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education. Von Hippel examined reading and math test scores of children in kindergarten and first grade in 748 public schools and 244 private schools from around the country.
Scores from students in 27 public schools classified as year-round (none of the private schools had a year-round calendar) were compared to scores of students in schools with traditional calendars.
Nearly all of the year-round schools were in urban and suburban areas, and most were in the West. Children attending year-round schools were mostly Hispanic and tended to be somewhat poorer than average, but their poverty was moderate rather than severe. Year-round schools also tended to have problems with overcrowding. In fact, year-round schedules are often adopted to cope with crowding. By staggering students' schedules, year-round schools can arrange for some students to be in session when others are on vacation; in this way, schools can accommodate more students than they could on a traditional nine-month calendar.
Von Hippel said he was able to take into account issues such as poverty and overcrowding when comparing scores to ensure that comparisons between test scores in year-round and traditional schools were fair.
I'd love to know how he "took into account" the poverty and overcrowding.
748 public, 244 private, and he used 27 YR schools to form this opinion?
YR schools that are overcrowded and mostly Hispanic? If WCPSS made the exact same amount of progress with all demographic groups, I don't think anyone would call it insignificant.
I couldn't find McMillan's study online, but I'd be very interested to know just how many YR students were included in his study of 345,000. Especially since that was when (I believe) WCPSS only had voluntary YR schedules and YR overall was probably rare. I'd also be interested to know if he had his data broken down by economic status or if it was simply YR vs. TR.
Well...
Fri, 12/03/2010 - 00:23 — Bob_SconceThere are statistical techniques that make it possible to "take into account" factors such as poverty and overcrowding. I suggest reading the study to see what he says -- http://www.sociology.ohio-state.edu/people/ptv/publications/Year-round/nonblind.pdf Based on his CV, http://www.sociology.ohio-state.edu/people/ptv/cv.pdf , he knows an awful lot about performing statistical analysis.
This guy has several other papers that might be of interest. One is entitled Are Failing Schools Really Failing? Removing the Influence of Non-School Failures from Measures of School Quality and is available at http://www.sociology.ohio-state.edu/people/ptv/publications/failing_schools.pdf
and he used 27 YR schools to
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 22:57 — jeffrey1He did take into effect SES,
Fri, 12/03/2010 - 08:23 — jenman"The ethnic and SES make-up
Fri, 12/03/2010 - 08:42 — danofnc"The ethnic and SES make-up of the schools should not matter as long as you compare apples to apples. This is a study about YR schools afterall."
If he didn't compare the Hispanic, overcrowded, poor YR schools to Hispanic, overcrowded, poor TR schools, was it apples to apples? If I compare some WCPSS YR ES with 50% ED kids and 15% ESL kids to Ravenscroft, have I made a fair comparison?
I feel like he should have limited the sample size of TR schools so that he compared schools with similar student profiles. Including 244 private schools most likely skewed his data on TR schools.
I'd just like to know for sure. I'm not a statistician, either, but I know that if he adjusted expectations of one group or the other to "account" for overcrowding or poverty, some of the EVAAS-loving, Effectiveness Index-hating people here have told me that I should consider his data flawed.
I don't really care how large McMillen's study was. It was done in 2001, and I'd like to know how many of the 345,000 students he studied were YR, and I'd also like to see the performance comparison of YR and TR ED kids.
Edit to add: In browsing through Von Hippel's study, I think I discovered that everything you know about McMillen's study came from there.
Edit to add: In browsing
Sat, 12/04/2010 - 05:34 — jeffrey1Weren't you the one on the other blog entry calling out people who post opinions disguised as fact???
"Weren't you the one on the
Sat, 12/04/2010 - 09:08 — danofnc"Weren't you the one on the other blog entry calling out people who post opinions disguised as fact???"
Uh....yeah. What part of "I think I discovered...." makes you think I am disguising something as fact?
The first thing you wrote about McMillan's study has been copied and pasted all over the internet. When I read through Von Hippel's study, I saw some more things that were basically the same (at least similar) as your writing here. I guess it's just coincidence. My mistake. Here's the reason for my confusion:
"McMillen’s (2001) own research—perhaps the best study of year-round schools to date—avoided most of these weaknesses. Focusing on public schools in North Carolina, McMillen (2001) compared 106 year-round schools to 1,364 nine-month schools in a design that accounted for student demographics, prior achievement, and the nesting of students within schools.
The results showed no significant effects of school calendars on achievement, except for initially lowachieving students, whose final scores may have been boosted by a small amount, again less than 5% of a standard deviation."
That's from Von Hippel's study.
"McMillan's study was the largest of its kind, studying more year round students than any previous study. The 345,000 students were all students in NC public schools. He did take into effect SES, and noted that ED students showed an "ever so slight" gain in achievement, but only when they attended enrichment programs during their track out periods."
That's from you. Most of the high points of your comments about McMillan's study are also included in the passage from Von Hippel. I haven't seen anything anywhere about the track out programs being the difference, other than here.
I get the feeling that if Von Hippel's research reached different conclusions, you'd be demanding to know his methodology and who supported him and what's in it for him. That's what happens when there is a study that doesn't say what you think is right. But, when I ask about how he "took into account" poverty and overcrowding, I'm just told that it's complex so I shouldn't really worry about it.
I also couldn't find any information suggesting that McMillan's study was peer-reviewed (it was listed as N/A), which is usually a big deal.
Besides, unless some of the kids were assigned to year-round schools, the entire study starts from a flawed foundation. This study would be interesting to see if it were done now in WCPSS only. In 2001, every WCPSS YR school was voluntary, right? So the kids who were there (ED or NED) were there because their parents wanted them there, which automatically means they had parents who are involved and concerned, which mostly everyone agrees is the biggest factor in young student achievement.
Now, since we've had kids assigned to YR schools, if a study reached the same conclusions I'd be more inclined to take the results at face value.
Now I remember why I began
Sat, 12/04/2010 - 11:55 — jeffrey1Now I remember why I began ignoring your posts - your incessant desire to parse people's words to prove a case that just isn't there. The fact is that I am very familiar with McMillan's study. It's been referenced in the News and Observer many times over the years. But then you would not know that seeing as you were probably still in diapers back in 2001, while I've been working on school assignment issues for the past 10 years.
I did not know that Von Hipple's study even referenced McMillan as I have not read Von Hipple's study. But you insist on trying to make the baseless claim that everything I know about McMillan came from Von Hipple. You insist on parsing the language in Von Hipple's study with my own, even after I told you that my words were my own. I find that obnoxious and irritating. Frankly, I would have preferred if you just said "I'm sorry."
Don't bother replying as you are back on my ignore list.
It's not a bother. Since
Sun, 12/05/2010 - 20:23 — danofncIt's not a bother. Since you're ignoring me, I'll just respond for my own personal benefit.
I guess you thought I was being sarcastic when I listed the reason for my confusion. I wasn't, but I see how you could think that. I simply showed you the similarities that led to my confusion. If you hadn't convinced yourself so quickly that I was being smart, you might have noticed that I also said "my mistake" and pointed out a part of your quote that wasn't anywhere in Von Hipple's study.
You would serve a much greater good (in my eyes, at least) if you'd respond to the actual questions that are posed, instead of focusing on me.
When people say "We're headed for the same result as CMS", they are told that you can't be sure because CMS has much more poverty so the comparison isn't accurate.
Yet, when I asked you if Von Hipple's study loses some relevance because the majority of YR schools were overcrowded and Hispanic, I get crickets. You just start talking trash about me.
When certain studies that supported the diversity policy were mentioned, you quickly attacked the author, their methods, and their conclusions as obviously biased and meant to serve a certain master.
When I asked about the methods used in these studies (especially about how crowding and poverty were "taken into account"), I was told that it is complex math and that I should just trust the author. I found that especially interesting considering the outrage over the Effectiveness Index, which is essentially a statistical method of adjusting for poverty and other factors, but is considered evil by a lot of people.
Frankly, I would find it much more helpful if you'd stop trying to talk trash to me and answer the questions I ask, which are usually fair even though they may be a little pointed.
...
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 15:12 — SideburnsSo, why don't we convert all the magnets to YR?
Or end them as we know them
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 18:01 — FSandYOUand divide up all those fabulous resources among ALL children.
Let's flip a coin.
Jeannie, First, I want to
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 13:49 — jenmanJeannie,
First, I want to say that I don't think there is definitive 'proof' yet that YR is better or worse overall or even for low income kids. But, I do think that YR for low income and/or struggling students is something we need to investigate more. I'd like to see more studies on it.
I do think that YR could work really well for some disadvantaged kids, but we can't force it on families like we have in the past. I also think it would work out much better if the school was in their own community (or at the very least, much closer than most of them are now). I think the YR calendar would fit really well with the community schools/full service model, but you've got to have buy in from parents. The original move to assign low income kids into YR schools had nothing to do with achievement--it was about making sure the yr schools carried their 'fair share of the burden'. They weren't asked, when traditional options were finally offered because of thee lawsuit, they weren't always good ones location wise, and when they did opt out for trad, they were shuffled from school to school each year.
If we want to use YR as a way to improve achievement for disadvantaged kids, we've got a lot of work to do. From what I remember (and I haven't looked this up recently), intersession tutoring was not offered at all YR schools. We would need to make sure that it was available for the struggling kidis and I'd like to see enrichment available at those schools too, for kids who aren't struggling. What about afterschool care issues? Older siblings often watch younger ones and family members often watch each other's kids. What if they aren't on the same track?
We can't just continue to say "this is best for you" and just put kids in YR. You have to get parental support for it and treat them like they matter.
We can't just continue to
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 15:19 — carson79We can't just continue to say "this is best for you" and just put kids in YR. You have to get parental support for it and treat them like they matter.
But we can just say "this is best for you" about neighborhood schools without getting parental support for it or treating those parents like they matter?
You're a hypocrite if you don't admit this is the same thing. This is what those 3 suburban parents did. So I'm assuming you're against those proposed moves based on your comments about YR?
It would help your case if
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 21:41 — red_balloonIt would help your case if the SER parents protested. If they don't care or support the move back, I don't know why you would get upset.
"It would help your case if
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 21:49 — danofnc"It would help your case if the SER parents protested. If they don't care or didn't ask to be moved back, I don't know why you would reassign them."
Just sayin'.
That works both ways.
I understand but from what I
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 22:01 — red_balloonI understand but from what I can deduce reading these posts: (1) new BOE was put in place to assign kids to schools closer to home and (2) most school districts across the country do so. Given that, we need either WCPSS student achievement data supporting 6200 or affected parents to scream bloody murder. Don't know if it would work but worth a try I guess.
Carson, your less than
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 20:13 — DrActualFactualCarson, your less than subtle description of the recommendations from the SAC members as delivered by "suburbanites" attempts to pit urban vs. suburban parents and committee members against one another. Was it more acceptable when Diana Bader and Anne Sherron (also suburbanites) issued their recommendations in the prior years? Is it only acceptable for urban districts to put forth recommendations for node reassignments and the rest of the county be darned. These are merely committee members serving as appointed. What of the principals that suggested nodes be moved out of their own schools for whatever reasons--does it matter if the school is in suburbia or the principal lives urban or suburban? Do principals rid themselves of problem nodes in this process or what criteria do they use to make the recommendations they make?
Sorry - you are reading too
Fri, 12/03/2010 - 13:09 — carson79Sorry - you are reading too much into this - that's just the way I chose to describe them. The point is more that the push is coming from more suburban districts to push out SE Raleigh students (which includes some suburbs too).
Who put her in charge of the "secret data"
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 22:41 — FSandYOUSmells rather fishy to me. If she's going to withhold this "secret data" I think there should be an investigation. Where did she get it, why does she have it and why isn't she sharing it?
Then she needs to be removed from all future school issues. And the tv cameras.
The more she and Diana
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 23:09 — CaryCurmudgeonThe more she and Diana Badger rave, the less credible they become. I say give them a weekly show on public access TV and let them have at it.
can we put her on double-secret probation?
Thu, 12/02/2010 - 12:16 — wakepta123Maybe we can put her on double-secret probation until she turns over the data! Seriosuly it is so funny to see her twisted logic and ir-rational thought process - a long with her fellow diversity supporters on blogging on this post. We bussed these kids supposedly because they perform better now to move them back - "show us the data!" "2 wrongs do not make a right" Also, we have datra showing year round students do better - gee why did they jnot convert those schools to year round and increase capacity for these kids? Oh and just to refute the above "the real question is are these kids better served by being bussed" gee how do you define better served? I guess the academic argument is wrong and now it is are the better served? Yes the lunches in the schools the are bussed to is caviar on silver platters (ease-up that was a sarcastic joke - I had to put this in because the bloggers would attack me for that) lol
Now now now...
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 11:06 — Bob_SconceIt will make an excellent campaign commerical for her opponent.
Indeed.
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 11:16 — woodstockIndeed.
Sherron needs to be removed
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 10:26 — FSandYOUfrom any and all future meetings or anything to do with our children. She does not speak for most parents nor represent our concerns. She's unstable, out of control and from the reactions of board members, and others, yesterday at her latest tantrum, most of them appear to agree.
If she thinks she has any chance to actually win a board seat next year that alone should tell you all you need to know about her. I can't wait to see her opponent run all those ads featuring her psychotic tantrums. Those will be priceless!
I can see it now. If
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 10:39 — HJ2ss2I can see it now. If opponents run ads featuring "psychotic tantrums", the spin in her camp will be "She is passionate about her cause". There is sometimes a thin line between "passion" and "sanity".
Kind of like with Ron
Wed, 12/01/2010 - 11:37 — Dove314And the campaign commercial that will have his comments about "here come the animals"?